Communicating Sustainability on Social Media: A study on leading turkish and global Brands in Turkey.

TUGBA ORTEN TUGRUL, AYSU GOCER

Abstract


Despite an increasing number of companies making use of social media messages to communicate their sustainable business principles and practices to various stakeholders, the academic literature investigating this topic, specifically in an emerging market context, remains limited. To address this gap, this study explores leading brands’ sustainability-themed communication messages on social media, considering the impacts of brand value and industry types from a country of origin and “triple bottom line” perspectives. An analysis of the sustainability content of social media messages was conducted via a content analysis of corporate Facebook pages of random sample of leading 62 Turkish and 31 global brands operating in Turkey. This data was than evaluated by regression analysis, Anova tests, and chi-square analyses. The results show that brand value is not a significant driver of communicating sustainability-themed messages on social media. It also indicates that the social media messages of global brands emphasize economic sustainability over environmental and social issues, whereas Turkish brands highlight social responsibility. Furthermore, analyses reveal differences among industry sectors in terms of communicating messages about economic dimension of sustainability in general, and also within leading Turkish brands. This study raises academic attention on the role of social media in promoting the sustainability content of large companies’ messages, and highlights the need for further research to reveal their approaches to the use of social media accounts. This study implies that, it is important that leading brands in emerging markets understand the connection between the three sustainability dimensions in order to be able to increase the sophistication of sustainability communications with various stakeholders. This study contributes to academic discussions in terms of the different dimensions of sustainability approaches of large companies on their social media accounts, and extends these discussions across different industries.


Keywords


Sustainability, Triple-Bottom-Line, Social Media, Sustainability-Themed Messages, Cross-Industry Sector Study

Full Text:

PDF

References


Alden, D. L., Steenkamp, J. B. E., & Batra, R. (1999). Brand positioning through advertising in Asia, North America, and Europe: The role of global consumer culture. The Journal of Marketing, 75-87.

Amini, M., & Bienstock, C. C. (2014). Corporate sustainability: an integrative definition and framework to evaluate corporate practice and guide academic research. Journal of Cleaner Production, 76, 12-19.

Ararat, M. (2008). A development perspective for “corporate social responsibility”: case of Turkey. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 8(3), 271-285.

Azapagic, A., & Perdan, S. (2000). Indicators of sustainable development for industry: a general framework. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 78(4), 243-261.

Baskin, J. (2006). Corporate responsibility in emerging markets. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 24(Winter), 29-47.

Berelson, B. (1952). Content analysis in communication research. Glenceo, IL: Free press.

Berg, B. L. (2001). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. Allyn & Bacon: Needham Heights, MA

Bilgin, F. Z., V. Sriram & Wührer, G. A. (2004). Drivers of global business success: Lessons from emerging markets. Palgrave Macmillan.

Bortree, D. S., Ahern, L., Smith, A. N., & Dou, X. (2013). Framing environmental responsibility: 30 years of CSR messages in National Geographic Magazine. Public Relations Review, 39(5), 491-496.

Brand Finance. (2016). Explanation of the methodology. Accessed 01 February 2016.

http://brandirectory.com/methodology

Capital. (2009). The Leaders In Social Responsibility In Turkey. Accessed 21 September 2015. http://www.capital.com.tr/expat-capital/the-leaders-in-social-responsibility-in-turkey-haberdetay-2422

Capriotti, P., & Moreno, A. (2007). Corporate citizenship and public relations: The importance and interactivity of social responsibility issues on corporate websites. Public relations review, 33(1), 84-91.

Chabowski, B. R., Mena, J. A., & Gonzalez-Padron, T. L. (2011). The structure of sustainability research in marketing, 1958–2008: a basis for future research opportunities. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 39(1), 55-70.

Comscore. (2011). It’s a Social World: Social Networking Leads as Top Online Activity Globally, Accounting for 1 in Every 5 Online Minutes. Accessed 21 September 2015. http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Press_Releases/2011/12/Social_Networking_Leads_as_Top_Online_Activity_Globally

Culnan, M. J., P. J. McHugh & Zubillaga J. I. (2010). How large U.S. companies can use Twitter and other social media to gain business value. MIS Quarterly Executive, 9(4), 243-259.

Dauvergne, P., & Lister, J. (2012). Big brand sustainability: Governance prospects and environmental limits. Global Environmental Change, 22(1), 36-45.

Du, S., Bhattacharya, C. B., & Sen, S. (2010). Maximizing business returns to corporate social responsibility (CSR): The role of CSR communication. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(1), 8-19.

Elkington, J. (1998). Partnerships from cannibals with forks: The triple bottom line of 21st‐century business. Environmental Quality Management, 8(1), 37-51.

Elkington, J. (2004). Enter the triple bottom line. The triple bottom line: Does it all add up. 11 (12): 1-16. Online: http://www. johnelkington. com

Eren-Erdogmus, I., Cobanoglu, E., Yalcin, M., & Ghauri, P. N. (2010). Internationalization of emerging market firms: the case of Turkish retailers. International Marketing Review, 27(3), 316-337.

Esrock, S. L., & Leichty, G. B. (1998). Social responsibility and corporate web pages: Self-presentation or agenda-setting?. Public relations review, 24(3), 305-319.

First, I., & Khetriwal, D. S. (2010). Exploring the relationship between environmental orientation and brand value: is there fire or only smoke?. Business Strategy and the Environment, 19(2), 90-103.

Gad, T., & Moss, S. (2008). The second wave of sustainability hits Swedish brands. Journal of Brand Management, 16(1-2), 110-115.

Golob, U., & Bartlett, J. L. (2007). Communicating about corporate social responsibility: A comparative study of CSR reporting in Australia and Slovenia. Public Relations Review, 33(1), 1-9.

Graafland, J., Van de Ven, B., & Stoffele, N. (2003). Strategies and instruments for organising CSR by small and large businesses in the Netherlands. Journal of Business Ethics, 47(1), 45-60.

Gray, R., M. Javad, D. M. Power & Sinclair, C. D. (2003). Reputation and corporate responsibility. Journal of Communication Management, 7(4), 356-366.

Haigh, D. and J. Knowles. (2004). Brand valuation: what it means and why it matters. Accessed 01 February 2016. http://brandfinance.com/images/upload/2004_05_brand_valuation_iam.pdf

Heberden, T. (2011). Overview of ISO 10668: Brand Valuation. Accessed 01 February 2016. http://brandfinance.com/images/upload/iso_10668_overview.pdf

Husted, B. W., & Allen, D. B. (2006). Corporate social responsibility in the multinational enterprise: Strategic and institutional approaches. Journal of international business studies, 37(6), 838-849.

Internet World Stats. (2012). Internet and Facebook usage in Europe. Accessed 21 September 2015. http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats4.htm

Jose, A., & Lee, S. M. (2007). Environmental reporting of global corporations: A content analysis based on website disclosures. Journal of Business Ethics, 72(4), 307-321. Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business horizons, 53(1), 59-68.

Kietzmann, J. H., Hermkens, K., McCarthy, I. P., & Silvestre, B. S. (2011). Social media? Get serious! Understanding the functional building blocks of social media. Business horizons, 54(3), 241-251.

Kim, D., Nam, Y., & Kang, S. (2010). An analysis of corporate environmental responsibility on the global corporate Web sites and their dialogic principles. Public Relations Review, 36(3), 285-288.

Kleine, A., & Von Hauff, M. (2009). Sustainability-driven implementation of corporate social responsibility: Application of the integrative sustainability triangle. Journal of Business Ethics, 85(3), 517-533.

Kotler, P. (2011). Reinventing marketing to manage the environmental imperative. Journal of Marketing, 75(4), 132-135.

Levitt, T. (1983). The globalization of markets. Harvard Business Review, 92-108.

Lewis, S. (2003). Reputation and corporate responsibility. Journal of Communication Management, 7(4), 356-366.

Lombard, M., Snyder‐Duch, J., & Bracken, C. C. (2002). Content analysis in mass communication: Assessment and reporting of intercoder reliability. Human communication research, 28(4), 587-604.

Maignan, I., & Ralston, D. A. (2002). Corporate social responsibility in Europe and the US: Insights from businesses’ self-presentations. Journal of International Business Studies, 33(3), 497-514.

Málovics, G., Csigéné, N. N., & Kraus, S. (2008). The role of corporate social responsibility in strong sustainability. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 37(3), 907-918.

Mangold, W. G., & Faulds, D. J. (2009). Social media: The new hybrid element of the promotion mix. Business horizons, 52(4), 357-365.

Matthews, B. & Ross, L. (2010). Research methods: A practical guide for the social sciences. Harlow: Pearson Education.

Maynard, M., & Tian, Y. (2004). Between global and glocal: Content analysis of the Chinese web sites of the 100 top global brands. Public Relations Review, 30(3), 285-291.

Menon, A., & Menon, A. (1997). Enviropreneurial marketing strategy: the emergence of corporate environmentalism as market strategy. The Journal of Marketing, 51-67.

Middlemiss, N. (2003). Authentic not cosmetic: CSR as brand enhancement. Journal of Brand Management, 10(4), 353-361.

Mitnick, B. M. (2000). Commitment, revelation, and the testaments of belief: The metrics of measurement of corporate social performance. Business & Society, 39(4), 419-465.

Muller, A. (2006). Global versus local CSR strategies. European Management Journal, 24(2), 189-198.

Neuendorf, K. A. (2002). The Content Analysis Guidebook. Thousands Oaks: Sage.

Ozsomer, A., Bodur, M., & Tamer Cavusgil, S. (1991). Marketing standardisation by multinationals in an emerging market. European Journal of Marketing, 25(12), 50-64.

Park, H., & Kim, Y. K. (2016). Proactive versus reactive apparel brands in sustainability: Influences on brand loyalty. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 29, 114-122.

Perrini, F., Russo, A., & Tencati, A. (2007). CSR strategies of SMEs and large firms. Evidence from Italy. Journal of business ethics, 74(3), 285-300.

Popoli, P. (2011). Linking CSR strategy and brand image Different approaches in local and global markets. Marketing Theory, 11(4), 419-433.

Porter, M. E. & Kramer, M. R. (2006). Strategy and society: The link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility. Harvard Business Review, 84(12), 78-92.

Robertson, D. C. (2009). Corporate social responsibility and different stages of economic development: Singapore, Turkey, and Ethiopia. Journal of Business Ethics, 88(4), 617-633.

Schroeder, J. E. (2009). The cultural codes of branding. Marketing Theory, 9(1), 123-126.

Schuiling, I., & Kapferer, J. N. (2004). Executive insights: real differences between local and international brands: strategic implications for international marketers. Journal of International Marketing, 12(4), 97-112.

Sheth, J. N. (2011). Impact of emerging markets on marketing: Rethinking existing perspectives and practices. Journal of Marketing, 75(4), 166-182.

Steenkamp, J. B. E., Batra, R., & Alden, D. L. (2003). How perceived brand globalness creates brand value. Journal of International Business Studies, 34(1), 53-65.

Sweeney, L., & Coughlan, J. (2008). Do different industries report corporate social responsibility differently? An investigation through the lens of stakeholder theory. Journal of Marketing Communications, 14(2), 113-124.

Tang, L., & Li, H. (2009). Corporate social responsibility communication of Chinese and global corporations in China. Public Relations Review, 35(3), 199-212.

UNDP. (2010). CSR Turkey Baseline Report. Accessed 21 September 2015. http://www.tr.undp.org/content/dam/turkey/docs/Publications/PovRed/CSR_Report_en.pdf

Yang, A., & Kent, M. (2014). Social media and organizational visibility: A sample of Fortune 500 corporations. Public Relations Review, 40(3), 562-564.

Yeung, M., & Ramasamy, B. (2008). Brand value and firm performance nexus: Further empirical evidence. Journal of Brand Management, 15(5), 322-335.

Wanderley, L. S. O., Lucian, R., Farache, F., & de Sousa Filho, J. M. (2008). CSR information disclosure on the web: a context-based approach analysing the influence of country of origin and industry sector. Journal of Business Ethics, 82(2), 369-378.

Waters, R. D., Burnett, E., Lamm, A., & Lucas, J. (2009). Engaging stakeholders through social networking: How nonprofit organizations are using Facebook. Public relations review, 35(2), 102-106.

Weber, R. P. (Ed.). (1990). Basic content analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Werther, W. B., & Chandler, D. (2005). Strategic corporate social responsibility as global brand insurance. Business Horizons, 48(4), 317-324.

White, A. L. (1999). Sustainability and the accountable corporation. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 41(8), 30-43.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2017



International Journal of Marketing, Communication and New Media

ISSN: 2182-9306

DOI: 10.54663/2182-9306

Qualis Periódicos - CAPES: B2

REBIB: Q2


Indexing:

Web of Science - Emerging Sources Citation Index - Clarivate Analytics

Journal Citation Reports (JCR) 2021, 2022, 2023

Crossref

QUALIS CAPESGOOGLE SCHOLAR - LATINDEX - REDIB - RCAAP - OAJI - DRJI - MIAR - LIVRE - ERIH PLUS - INDEX COPERNICUS -